The low-lying electronic states of Rf⁺ and Rf are investigated by the relativistic coupled cluster method based on the Dirac-Coulomb-Breit Hamiltonian. A large basis set (34s24p19d13f8g5h4i) of Gaussian-type orbitals is used. The external 36 electrons are correlated. In contrast with recent multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) results, the 7s²6d^{2 3}F₂ state is found to be the ground state of the atom, lying about 0.30 eV below the 7s²7p6d ³D₂ state (the MCDF ground state). The dynamic correlation of the system, requiring virtual orbitals with l up to 6, is responsible for the reversal. The first ionization potential of the atom is predicted at 6.01 eV.

Ground State Electron Configuration of Rutherfordium: Role of Dynamic Correlation, Eliav, Ephraim, Kaldor Uzi, and Ishikawa Yasuyuki , Physical Review Letters, 2/1995, Volume 74, Issue 7, p.1079 - 1082, (1995)

Cold working of sodium metal converts body centred sodium metal to a mixture of a hexagonal form and body centred sodium at 5 K. The hexagonal from converts back to the body-centred form at 100-100 K.

Cold working of lithium metal converts body centred lithium metal to a mixture of a hexagonal form and body centred lithium at 78 K.

Potassium, rubidium, and caesium retain their body centred structure after cooling

X-ray study of the alkali metals at low temperatures, Barrett, C. S. , Acta Crystallographica, 08/1956, Volume 9, Issue 8, p.671 - 677, (1956)

Lithium at room temperature is body-centered cubic with 2 atoms per unit cell. The lattice constant for lithium metal is 3.51004 ± 0.00041 Å at 25" C. The theoretical density is 533 kg m^–3 and the Li—Li bond distance for coordination number 8 is 3.0398 Å.

SMILES: [Li]
InChI: InChI=1/Li

Crystallographic Data 186. Lithium, Nadler, M. R. /, and Kempier C. P. , Analytical Chemistry, 12/1959, Volume 31, Issue 12, p.2109 - 2109, (1959)

Crystal structure of uranium nitride, UN. The structure is face-centered cubic with a lattice constant of 4889 ± 0.001 Å at 26°C and sodium chloride type. The theoretical density is 14315 kg m^–3, and the U—N bond distance for coordination number 6 is 2.4449 Å.

Crystallographic Data. 177. Uranium Mononitride, Kempter, Charles, McGuire Joseph, and Nadler M. , Analytical Chemistry, 01/1959, Volume 31, Issue 1, p.156 - 157, (1959)

The results of cross-section measurements for the reactions ²⁰⁹Bi(¹²C,X)Au, E=4.8 and 25.2 GeV and ²⁰⁹Bi(²⁰Ne,X)Au, E=8.0 GeV are reported. The observed yields of the gold isotopes show a similar dependence on mass number for each reaction, differing slightly in the position of the centroid of the distribution. As the projectile energy increases, the inferred excitation energy of the primary residues remains the same or decreases slightly. This observation is in agreement with the predictions of the intranuclear cascade model of relativistic heavy ion collisions.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ²⁰⁹Bi(¹²C,X)Au, E=4.8,25.2 GeV; ²⁰⁹Bi(²⁰Ne,X)Au, E=8.0 GeV; measured Au isotopic distributions, relativistic heavy ions, target fragmentation, Ge(Li) spectroscopy.

Energy dependence of 209-Bi fragmentation in relativistic nuclear collisions, Aleklett, K., Morrissey D., Loveland W., McGaughey P., and Seaborg G. , Physical Review C, 3/1981, Volume 23, Issue 3, p.1044 - 1046, (1981)

ScCl₃, TiCl₃ und VCl₃ kristallisieren hexagonal-rhomboedrisch in dem gleichen Gitter wie FeCl₃ (DO₅-Typ).

Die Kristallstrukturen von ScCl3, TiCl3 und VCl3, Klemm, Wilhelm, and Krose Ehrhard , Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie, 05/1947, Volume 253, Issue 3-4, p.218 - 225, (1947)

Depletion of the Ozone Layer in the 21st Century, Dameris, Martin , Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Volume 9999, Number 9999, p.NA, (2009)

The positions of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table, , Journal of Chemical Education, 08/1982, Volume 59, Issue 8, p.634-636, (1982)

Abstract: soluble manganese(III) [Mn(III)] has been thought to disproportionate to soluble Mn(II) and particulate Mn^IVO₂ in natural waters, although it persists as complexes in laboratory solutions. We report that, in the Black Sea, soluble Mn(III) concentrations were as high as 5 micromolar and constituted up to 100% of the total dissolved Mn pool. Depth profiles indicated that soluble Mn(III) was produced at the top of the suboxic zone by Mn(II) oxidation and at the bottom of the suboxic zone by Mn^IVO₂ reduction, then stabilized in each case by unknown natural ligands. We also found micromolar concentrations of dissolved Mn(III) in the Chesapeake Bay. Dissolved Mn(III) can maintain the existence of suboxic zones because it can act as either an electron acceptor or donor. Our data indicate that Mn(III) should be ubiquitous at all water column and sediment oxic/anoxic interfaces in the environment.

Soluble Mn (III) in suboxic zones, Trouwborst, R., Clement B., Tebo B., and Glazer B. , science, Jan, (2006)

Abstract: Nitrogen usually consists of molecules where two atoms are strongly triple-bonded. Here, we report on an allotropic form of nitrogen where all atoms are connected with single covalent bonds, similar to carbon atoms in diamond. The compound was synthesized directly from molecular nitrogen at temperatures above 2,000 K and pressures above 110 GPa using a laser-heated diamond cell

Single-bonded cubic form of nitrogen, Eremets, Mikhail I., Gavriliuk Alexander G., Trojan Ivan A., Dzivenko Dymitro A., and Boehler Reinhard , Nature Materials, 8/2004, Volume 3, Issue 8, p.558 - 563, (2004)